Mu gitabo cy’umwanditsi w’Umutaliyani witwa Calvino cyitwa “Umujyi Utagaragara” hari interuro igira iti: “Umujyi umeze nk’inzozi, ibintu byose bishobora kwiyumvirwa bishobora kurota ……”
Nk'ikiremwa gikomeye cy'umuco w'abantu, uyu mujyi ufite icyifuzo cy'abantu cyo kubaho neza. Mu myaka ibihumbi n'ibihumbi, kuva kuri Plato kugeza kuri More, abantu bahoraga bifuza kubaka ahantu nyaburanga. Rero, mu buryo runaka, kubaka imijyi mishya y'ubwenge biri hafi cyane y'uko abantu batekereza ku buzima bwiza.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, bitewe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’ibikorwa remezo bishya mu Bushinwa ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga rishya nka interineti y’ibintu, kubaka imijyi ifite ubwenge biri kugenda neza, kandi umujyi w’inzozi ushobora kumva no gutekereza, guhinduka no kugira ubushyuhe buri kugenda buba impamo buhoro buhoro.
Umushinga wa kabiri mu bunini mu bijyanye na IoT: Imijyi Igezweho
Imishinga y’imijyi igezweho n’imishinga y’imijyi igezweho ni imwe mu migambi yaganiriweho cyane, ahanini ikorwa binyuze mu buryo bufite intego kandi buhujwe bwo gukoresha interineti y’ibintu, amakuru n’uburyo bwo guhuza, hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo gushakira hamwe ibisubizo n’ubundi buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga.
Imishinga y’umujyi ugezweho igiye kwiyongera cyane mu gihe izagendana n’impinduka mu kuva ku mishinga y’igihe gito y’umujyi ugezweho ukagera ku mijyi ya mbere igezweho. Mu by’ukuri, iri terambere ryatangiye mu myaka mike ishize kandi ryihuta mu 2016. Mu bindi bintu, biroroshye kubona ko imishinga y’umujyi ugezweho ari imwe mu nzego zikomeye za IoT mu bikorwa.
Dukurikije isesengura rya raporo yashyizwe ahagaragara na IoT Analytics, ikigo cy’Abadage gishinzwe isesengura rya IoT, imishinga y’umujyi mwiza ni yo mishinga ya kabiri minini ya IoT mu bijyanye n’umugabane mpuzamahanga w’imishinga ya IoT, nyuma y’inganda za interineti. Kandi mu mishinga y’umujyi mwiza, porogaramu ikunzwe cyane ni ubwikorezi bw’ikoranabuhanga, igakurikirwa n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga.
Kugira ngo imijyi ibe umujyi "w'ukuri" w'ubwenge, ikeneye uburyo buhuriweho buhuza imishinga kandi bugahuza amakuru menshi n'amakuru kugira ngo igere ku byiza byose by'umujyi w'ubwenge. Mu bindi, ikoranabuhanga rifunguye n'amakuru afunguye bizaba ingenzi mu gukomeza intambwe ikurikira.
IDC ivuga ko porogaramu zifunguye amakuru muri 2018 ari zo zizakurikiraho mu kiganiro cyo kuba urubuga rwa IoT. Nubwo ibi bizahura n'imbogamizi zimwe na zimwe kandi nta hantu havuzwe ku mijyi igezweho, biragaragara ko iterambere ry'izo porogaramu zifunguye amakuru rizaba rigaragara cyane mu mijyi igezweho.
Iri hinduka ry’amakuru afunguye rivugwa muri IDC FutureScape: 2017 Global IoT Forecast, aho iyi sosiyete ivuga ko kugeza kuri 40% by’inzego z’ibanze n’iz’akarere zizakoresha IoT mu guhindura ibikorwa remezo nk’amatara yo ku muhanda, imihanda n’ibimenyetso by’umuhanda bikaba imitungo, aho kuba imyenda, bitarenze umwaka wa 2019.
Ni ibihe bintu bikoreshwa mu mijyi ikoresha ubwenge?
Wenda ntiduhita dutekereza ku mishinga y’ibidukikije igezweho ndetse n’imishinga yo kuburira abantu ku myuzure, ariko ntawahakana ko ari ingenzi mu mishinga y’umujyi igezweho. Urugero, iyo ihumana ry’ibidukikije mu mijyi rihanganye, iyi ni imwe mu mpamvu z’ingenzi zo kubaka imishinga y’umujyi igezweho, kuko ishobora gutanga inyungu zihuse kandi zifitiye akamaro abaturage.
Birumvikana ko ingero zizwi cyane zo mu mijyi igezweho zirimo guparika imodoka mu buryo bwihuse, gucunga neza imodoka mu buryo bwihuse, amatara yo mu mihanda mu buryo bwihuse no gucunga neza imyanda. Ibyo bivuzwe, ibi bibazo bikunze guhuza uburyo bwo gukora neza, gukemura ibibazo byo mu mijyi, kugabanya ikiguzi, kunoza ubuzima mu mijyi, no gushyira abaturage imbere kubera impamvu zitandukanye.
Ibi bikurikira ni bimwe mu bintu bikoreshwa cyangwa uturere tujyanye n'imijyi igezweho.
Serivisi za leta, nka serivisi z’abaturage, serivisi z’ubukerarugendo, ubwikorezi rusange, umwirondoro n’imicungire, na serivisi z’amakuru.
Umutekano w'abaturage, mu bice nko mu byuma bikoresha amatara, kugenzura ibidukikije, gukurikirana imitungo, gucunga umutekano, kugenzura amashusho no gutabara mu gihe cy'impanuka
Kubungabunga ibidukikije, harimo kugenzura ibidukikije, gucunga imyanda no kuyikoresha mu buryo bwihuse, ingufu zigezweho, gupima amazi mu buryo bwihuse, n'ibindi.
Ibikorwa remezo, birimo ibikorwa remezo bigezweho, gukurikirana ubuzima bw'inyubako n'inzibutso, inyubako zigezweho, kuhira amazi bigezweho, n'ibindi.
Ubwikorezi: imihanda igezweho, gusangira imodoka, guparika imodoka neza, gucunga imodoka neza, gukurikirana urusaku n'ihumana ry'imyanda, n'ibindi.
Guhuza imikorere na serivisi z’umujyi ugezweho mu nzego nko mu buvuzi bugezweho, uburezi bugezweho, imiyoborere myiza, igenamigambi rigezweho, n’amakuru agezweho/afunguye, ibyo bikaba ari ibintu by’ingenzi bituma imijyi igezweho irushaho kuba myiza.
Birenze kuba umujyi w’ubwenge ushingiye ku “ikoranabuhanga” gusa
Uko dutangira kwerekeza ku mijyi ifite ubwenge nyakuri, amahitamo ajyanye no guhuza amakuru, guhanahana amakuru, porogaramu za IoT, n'ibindi bizakomeza gutera imbere.
Cyane cyane ku bintu byinshi bikoreshwa nko gucunga imyanda mu buryo bwihuse cyangwa parikingi nziza, ikoranabuhanga rya IoT rikoreshwa mu mijyi y’ubu ni iryoroshye kandi rihendutse. Ubusanzwe ibidukikije byo mu mijyi bifite uburyo bwiza bwo gukingira ibice byimuka, hari ibicu, hari ibisubizo by'ingenzi n'ibicuruzwa byagenewe imishinga y’umujyi w’ubwenge, kandi hari imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi make (LPWAN) mu mijyi myinshi ku isi ihagije ku bikorwa byinshi.
Nubwo hari ikintu cy'ingenzi mu bya tekiniki, hari byinshi ku mijyi ifite ubwenge kuruta ibyo. Umuntu yanavuga icyo "ubwenge" bisobanura. Nta gushidikanya ko mu miterere y'imijyi ifite ubwenge igoye cyane kandi yuzuye, ni ugukemura ibibazo by'abaturage no gukemura ibibazo by'abaturage, sosiyete n'abaturage bo mu mijyi.
Mu yandi magambo: imijyi ifite imishinga myiza mu mijyi y’ubwenge si ikimenyetso cy’ikoranabuhanga, ahubwo ni intego zigerwaho hashingiwe ku kureba ibidukikije byubatswe n’ibyo abantu bakeneye (harimo n’ibyo bakeneye mu buryo bw’umwuka). Mu by’ukuri, birumvikana ko buri gihugu n’umuco bitandukanye, nubwo ibyo abantu bakeneye by’ibanze ari byinshi kandi bigakubiyemo intego nyinshi z’imikorere n’iz’ubucuruzi.
Ishingiro ry'ikintu cyose cyitwa ubwenge muri iki gihe, byaba inyubako zigezweho, imiyoboro igezweho cyangwa imijyi igezweho, ni uguhuza amakuru n'ikoranabuhanga, bikozwe n'ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye kandi bigashyirwa mu bwenge bushingira ku gufata ibyemezo. Birumvikana ko ibi bitavuze ko guhuza ari interineti y'ibintu gusa; imiryango ifitanye isano n'abaturage ni ingenzi cyane.
Bitewe n’ibibazo byinshi ku isi nko gusaza n’ibibazo by’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ndetse n’“amasomo twize” muri iki cyorezo, biragaragara ko ari ingenzi cyane kurusha mbere hose kongera gusuzuma intego y’imijyi, cyane cyane ko urwego rw’imibereho n’imibereho myiza bizahora ari ingenzi cyane.
Inyigo ya Accenture yarebye serivisi za leta zigamije abaturage, yasuzumye ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga rishya harimo na interineti y'ibintu, yasanze kunoza kunyurwa kw'abaturage ari byo byari ku isonga mu byavuzwe haruguru. Nk'uko infographic y'ubushakashatsi ibigaragaza, kunoza kunyurwa kw'abakozi nabyo byari hejuru (80%), kandi mu bihe byinshi, gushyira mu bikorwa ikoranabuhanga rishya ryahujwe byatanze umusaruro ufatika.
Ni izihe mbogamizi zo kugera ku mujyi w’ubwenge koko?
Nubwo imishinga y’imijyi igezweho yakuze kandi indi mishya irimo gushyirwaho no gushyirwa mu bikorwa, bizatwara imyaka myinshi mbere yuko dushobora kwita umujyi "umujyi ugezweho".
Imijyi y’ubuhanga ishingiye ku bwenge ni icyerekezo kuruta uburyo bwo gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kugera ku ntego. Tekereza ko hari akazi kenshi gakenewe gukorwa ku bikorwa, imitungo n’ibikorwa remezo kugira ngo habeho umujyi w’ubwenge nyakuri, kandi ko uyu murimo ushobora guhindurwamo verisiyo y’ubwenge. Ariko, kugera ku mujyi w’ubwenge nyakuri biragoye cyane bitewe n’ibintu byihariye biwugize.
Mu mujyi w’ubwenge, ibi bice byose birahujwe, kandi ibi si ibintu bishobora kugerwaho mu ijoro rimwe. Hari ibibazo byinshi bya kera, nk'imikorere n'amabwiriza amwe n'amwe, hakenewe ubumenyi bushya, hakenewe imikoranire myinshi, kandi hari uburyo bwinshi bwo guhuza ibikorwa ku nzego zose (ubuyobozi bw'umujyi, serivisi rusange, serivisi zo gutwara abantu n'ibintu, umutekano n'ibikorwa remezo rusange, inzego z'ibanze n'abakora imirimo y'ubucuruzi, serivisi z'uburezi, n'ibindi).
Byongeye kandi, mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga n'ingamba, biragaragara ko tugomba no kwibanda ku mutekano, amakuru menshi, uburyo bwo kugenda, ikoranabuhanga rikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya "cloud" n'ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye ryo guhuza amakuru, hamwe n'ingingo zijyanye n'amakuru. Biragaragara ko amakuru, kimwe n'imicungire y'amakuru n'imikorere y'amakuru, ari ingenzi cyane ku mujyi w'ubwenge w'uyu munsi n'ejo hazaza.
Indi mbogamizi idashobora kwirengagizwa ni imyumvire n'ubushake bw'abaturage. Kandi gutera inkunga imishinga y'imijyi igezweho ni kimwe mu bintu bibangamira. Muri urwo rwego, ni byiza kubona gahunda za leta, zaba iz'igihugu cyangwa iz'ibihugu bidasanzwe, zihariye ku mijyi igezweho cyangwa ibidukikije, cyangwa zigatangizwa n'abakora mu nganda, nka gahunda ya Cisco yo kwihutisha imari mu bikorwa remezo by'imijyi.
Ariko biragaragara ko ubu buryo bukomeye butabuza iterambere ry'imijyi igezweho n'imishinga y'imijyi igezweho. Uko imijyi isangiza ubunararibonye bwayo kandi igateza imbere imishinga igezweho ifite inyungu zigaragara, igira amahirwe yo kongera ubumenyi bwayo no kwigira ku byananiranye. Hamwe n'icyerekezo kirimo abafatanyabikorwa batandukanye, kandi ibi bizagura cyane amahirwe y'imishinga y'agateganyo y'imijyi igezweho mu gihe kizaza gishya kandi gihujwe.
Reba mu buryo bwagutse imijyi ifite ubwenge
Nubwo imijyi ifite ubwenge ifitanye isano n'ikoranabuhanga, icyerekezo cy'umujyi ufite ubwenge ni byinshi kuruta ibyo. Kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi ku mujyi ufite ubwenge ni ugukoresha ikoranabuhanga rikwiye kugira ngo urusheho kugira ubuzima bwiza mu mujyi.
Uko umubare w’abaturage bo ku isi ugenda wiyongera, imijyi mishya irakeneye kubakwa kandi uduce tw’imijyi dusanzweho tugakomeza kwiyongera. Iyo ikoreshejwe neza, ikoranabuhanga ni ingenzi cyane mu guhangana n’ibi bibazo no gufasha gukemura ibibazo byinshi bibugarije imijyi y’iki gihe. Ariko, kugira ngo habeho isi y’imijyi ifite ubwenge, hakenewe icyerekezo cyagutse.
Abanyamwuga benshi babona mu buryo bwagutse imijyi igezweho, haba mu ntego no mu ikoranabuhanga, abandi bakavuga ko porogaramu iyo ari yo yose igendanwa yakozwe n'urwego urwo arirwo rwose ari porogaramu y'umujyi igezweho.
1. Imitekerereze ya muntu irenze ikoranabuhanga rigezweho: gutuma imijyi iba ahantu heza ho gutura
Uko ikoranabuhanga ryacu ry’ubwenge ryaba rimeze kose n’uko rishobora gukoreshwa neza kose, tugomba gusuzuma ibintu bimwe na bimwe by’ibanze - abantu, ahanini duhereye ku bitekerezo 5, harimo umutekano n’icyizere, ubwiganze no kwitabira, ubushake bwo guhinduka, ubushake bwo gukora, ubumwe n’ibindi.
Jerry Hultin, umuyobozi w’itsinda rya Global Future Group, umuyobozi w’inama ngishwanama ya Smart City Expo World Congress, akaba n’impuguke mu by’uburambe mu mijyi y’ubwenge, yagize ati: “Dushobora gukora ibintu byinshi, ariko amaherezo, tugomba gutangirira kuri twe ubwacu.”
Ubumwe bw'abaturage ni inkingi y'umujyi abantu bifuza guturamo, gukunda, gukura, kwiga no kwitaho, ari wo rufatiro rw'isi y'umujyi w'ubwenge. Nk'abaturage b'imijyi, abaturage bafite ubushake bwo kwitabira, guhinduka no gukora. Ariko mu mijyi myinshi, bumva badasabwa kwitabira cyangwa ngo bahabwe umwanya, kandi ibi ni ukuri cyane cyane mu baturage runaka no mu bihugu aho hibandwa cyane ku ikoranabuhanga ry'imijyi y'ubwenge kugira ngo hatezwe imbere umuryango w'abaturage, ariko ntibibanda cyane ku burenganzira bw'ibanze bwa muntu no kwitabira.
Byongeye kandi, ikoranabuhanga rishobora gufasha mu kunoza umutekano, ariko se bite ku cyizere? Nyuma y'ibitero, imyivumbagatanyo ya politiki, ibiza, ibibazo bya politiki, cyangwa se no mu bihe bihindagurika cyane mu mijyi myinshi hirya no hino ku isi, nta cyizere kinini cy'uko icyizere cy'abantu kizagabanuka cyane mu iterambere ry'imijyi ikoresha ubuhanga.
Niyo mpamvu ari ngombwa kumenya umwihariko wa buri mujyi n'igihugu; ni ngombwa gutekereza ku baturage ku giti cyabo; kandi ni ngombwa kwiga imiterere y'abaturage mu miryango, imijyi n'amatsinda y'abaturage ndetse n'imikoranire yabo n'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima rukura hamwe n'ikoranabuhanga rijyanye n'imibanire mu mijyi ifite ubwenge.
2. Ibisobanuro n'icyerekezo cy'umujyi w'ubwenge ukurikije uko ibintu bigenda
Igitekerezo, icyerekezo, ibisobanuro n'ukuri by'umujyi w'ubwenge bihora bihindagurika.
Mu buryo bwinshi, ni byiza ko ibisobanuro by'umujyi w'ubwenge bitagenwa mu buryo bw'ibuye. Umujyi, tutibagiwe n'agace k'umujyi, ni ibinyabuzima n'urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima bifite ubuzima bwabyo kandi bigizwe n'ibintu byinshi bigenda, bizima, bifitanye isano, ahanini abaturage, abakozi, abashyitsi, abanyeshuri, n'ibindi.
Igisobanuro cyemewe na bose cy’ “umujyi w’ubwenge” cyakwirengagiza imiterere y’umujyi ifite impinduka nyinshi kandi itandukanye.
Kugabanya imijyi ikoresha ikoranabuhanga rituma igera ku musaruro binyuze mu gukoresha ibikoresho, sisitemu, imiyoboro y'amakuru, ndetse n'ubumenyi buturuka ku bumenyi bushingiye ku makuru bukoreshwa kandi bushobora gukorwa ni bumwe mu buryo bwo gusobanura umujyi ukoresha ikoranabuhanga. Ariko birengagiza ibintu bitandukanye by'ingenzi by'imijyi n'ibihugu, birengagiza imico, kandi bigashyira ikoranabuhanga imbere n'imbere mu ntego zitandukanye.
Nubwo twibanda ku rwego rw'ikoranabuhanga, biroroshye kwibagirwa ko ikoranabuhanga naryo riri mu nzira ihoraho kandi yihuta, hamwe n'amahirwe mashya agaragara, nk'uko imbogamizi nshya zigaragara ku rwego rw'imijyi n'abaturage muri rusange. Si ikoranabuhanga gusa ririmo kugaragara, ahubwo ni n'imyumvire n'imyitwarire abantu bafite kuri iryo koranabuhanga, nk'uko biri ku rwego rw'imijyi, imiryango n'ibihugu muri rusange.
Kubera ko ikoranabuhanga rimwe na rimwe rituma habaho uburyo bwiza bwo kuyobora imijyi, gukorera abaturage no kwitegura imbogamizi ziriho n’izizaza. Ku bandi, uburyo abaturage bitabira n’uburyo imijyi iyoborwa biba ingenzi cyane ku rwego rw’ikoranabuhanga.
Nubwo twakomeza gusobanura umujyi w’ubwenge mu mizi yawo y’ikoranabuhanga, nta mpamvu ihari ituma ibi bitahinduka, kandi bizahinduka uko ibitekerezo ku ruhare n’umwanya by’ikoranabuhanga bikomeza gutera imbere.
Byongeye kandi, imijyi n'imiryango, hamwe n'icyerekezo cy'imijyi, ntabwo bitandukana gusa bitewe n'akarere, ahantu n'aho biherereye, ndetse no hagati y'amatsinda atandukanye y'abaturage mu mujyi, ahubwo binahinduka uko igihe kigenda gihita.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-08-2023