Imijyi ifite ubwenge ihujwe izana inzozi nziza. Muri iyo mijyi, ikoranabuhanga rya elegitoroniki rihuza imirimo myinshi yihariye y’abaturage kugira ngo rirusheho kunoza imikorere n’ubwenge. Bivugwa ko mu 2050, 70% by’abatuye isi bazaba batuye mu mijyi ifite ubwenge, aho ubuzima buzaba bufite ubuzima bwiza, burangwa n’ibyishimo n’umutekano. Icy’ingenzi ni uko bisezeranya ko bizaba ari imbogamizi ku bantu ku irimbuka ry’isi.
Ariko imijyi ifite ubwenge ni akazi katoroshye. Ikoranabuhanga rishya rirahenze, inzego z'ibanze ziragoye, kandi politiki ihinduka ikajya mu matora magufi, bigatuma bigorana kugera ku buryo bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu buryo bunoze kandi bufite imikorere myiza mu micungire y'imari, bugakoreshwa mu mijyi ku isi cyangwa mu gihugu hose. Mu by'ukuri, imijyi myinshi ifite ubwenge ivugwa cyane mu nkuru z'ingenzi ni icyegeranyo cy'igerageza ry'ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye n'imishinga yo mu karere, nta cyizere kinini cyo kwaguka.
Reka turebe aho imyanda ijugunywa n'aho guparika imodoka, bifite ubuhanga mu byuma bipima no gusesengura; Muri uru rwego, inyungu ku ishoramari (ROI) biragoye kubara no kugena uko ibintu bimeze, cyane cyane iyo inzego za leta zitandukanyije cyane (hagati y'ibigo bya leta na serivisi zigenga, ndetse no hagati y'imijyi, imijyi, uturere n'ibihugu). Reba uburyo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'umwuka; Ni gute byoroshye kubara ingaruka z'umwuka mwiza ku serivisi z'ubuzima mu mujyi? Mu buryo bwumvikana, imijyi ifite ubwenge iragoye gushyira mu bikorwa, ariko kandi biragoye guhakana.
Ariko, hari urumuri mu gihu cy’impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga. Amatara yo mu mihanda muri serivisi zose z’umujyi atanga urubuga ku mijyi rwo kubona imikorere myiza no guhuza porogaramu nyinshi ku nshuro ya mbere. Reba imishinga itandukanye y’amatara yo mu mihanda ikoreshwa i San Diego muri Amerika na Copenhagen muri Danemark, kandi irimo kwiyongera. Iyi mishinga ihuza imiterere y’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bifatanye n’inkingi z’amatara kugira ngo yemerere kugenzura amatara ubwayo no gukora indi mirimo, nko kubara ibinyabiziga, kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’ikirere, ndetse n’ibikoresho bipima imbunda.
Kuva aho umujyi uri hejuru cyane, imijyi yatangiye guhangana n’ikibazo cy’uko umujyi utuye mu muhanda, harimo urujya n’uruza rw’imodoka n’ingendo, urusaku n’ihumana ry’ikirere, ndetse n’amahirwe mashya y’ubucuruzi. Ndetse n’ibikoresho byo guparika imodoka, bisanzwe bitwikiriwe mu biparika imodoka, bishobora guhuzwa n’ibikorwa remezo by’amatara ku buryo buhendutse kandi neza. Imijyi yose ishobora gukururwa mu buryo butunguranye kandi ikavugururwa hatabayeho gucukura imihanda cyangwa gukodesha ahantu cyangwa gukemura ibibazo by’ikoranabuhanga ku bijyanye n’imibereho myiza n’imihanda itekanye.
Ibi birakora kuko, ahanini, ibisubizo by'amatara agezweho bitabarwa mbere hashingiwe ku kuzigama ku bisubizo bigezweho. Ahubwo, kubaho kw'impinduramatwara mu mijyi ni ingaruka z'impanuka z'iterambere ry'amatara icyarimwe.
Kuzigama ingufu zikomoka ku gusimbuza amatara ashyushye n'amatara ya LED akomeye, hamwe n'amashanyarazi aboneka ku buryo bworoshye hamwe n'ibikorwaremezo binini by'amatara, bituma imijyi ifite ubwenge ishoboka.
Umuvuduko wo guhindura LED usanzwe uri hasi, kandi amatara meza arimo kwiyongera. Nk’uko Northeast Group, inzobere mu by’isesengura ry’ibikorwa remezo, ibivuga, hafi 90% by’amatara miliyoni 363 ku isi azaba amaze kumurikwa n’amatara ya LED bitarenze 2027. Kimwe cya gatatu cyayo kizakoresha porogaramu zigezweho, nk’uko byatangajwe mu myaka mike ishize. Kugeza igihe inkunga nini n’igishushanyo mbonera bizatangazwa, amatara yo mu mihanda akwiriye cyane nk’ibikorwa remezo by’ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye mu mijyi minini igezweho.
Zigama ikiguzi cya LED
Dukurikije amategeko yatanzwe n'inganda zikora amatara n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, amatara agezweho ashobora kugabanya ikiguzi cy'ibikorwa remezo n'ibikorwa remezo ku kigero cya 50 kugeza kuri 70%. Ariko inyinshi muri izo nkunga (hafi 50 ku ijana, bihagije kugira ngo bigire icyo bitanga) zishobora kugerwaho hakoreshejwe amatara ya LED akoresha ingufu nke. Ibindi bizigamwa biva mu guhuza no kugenzura amatara no gutanga amakuru y'ubwenge yerekeye uko akora mu miyoboro y'amatara.
Guhindura no kwitegereza ibintu mu buryo buhuriweho gusa bishobora kugabanya cyane ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga. Hari uburyo bwinshi, kandi bwuzuzanya: gahunda, kugenzura ibihe by'umwaka no guhindura igihe; Gusuzuma amakosa no kugabanya umubare w'abitabira amakamyo yo kubungabunga. Ingaruka ziyongera uko umuyoboro w'amatara ungana kandi zigasubira mu rubanza rwa mbere rw'inyungu. Isoko rivuga ko ubu buryo bushobora kwishyurwa mu myaka itanu, kandi bufite ubushobozi bwo kwishyurwa mu gihe gito binyuze mu gushyiramo ibitekerezo "byoroshye" by'umujyi w'ubwenge, nk'ibifite sensor zo guparika imodoka, vitesi z'imodoka, kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'ikirere n'ibikoresho bipima imbunda.
Guidehouse Insights, inzobere mu isesengura ry’isoko, ikurikirana imijyi irenga 200 kugira ngo irebe umuvuduko w’impinduka; ivuga ko kimwe cya kane cy’imijyi irimo gushyiraho gahunda zo gutanga urumuri rw’ubwenge. Kugurisha sisitemu z’ubwenge biri kwiyongera cyane. Ubushakashatsi bwa ABI buvuga ko inyungu ku isi izikuba inshuro icumi zikagera kuri miliyari 1.7 z’amadolari mu 2026. "Igihe cy’amatara y’urumuri" ku Isi ni iki; Ibikorwa remezo by’amatara yo mu mihanda, bifitanye isano rya hafi n’ibikorwa bya muntu, ni inzira y’iterambere nk’urubuga rw’imijyi y’ubwenge mu buryo bwagutse. Mu ntangiriro za 2022, ibice birenga bibiri bya gatatu by’amatara mashya yo mu mihanda bizahuzwa n’urubuga rw’ubuyobozi rukuru kugira ngo hahuzwe amakuru aturuka ku byuma byinshi bipima imijyi y’ubwenge, nk’uko ABI yabitangaje.
Adarsh Krishnan, umusesenguzi mukuru muri ABI Research, yagize ati: “Hari andi mahirwe menshi y’ubucuruzi ku bacuruzi b’imijyi ikoresha amatara bakoresha ibikorwa remezo by’imijyi binyuze mu gukoresha uburyo bwo guhuza insinga, ibikoresho bipima ibidukikije ndetse na kamera zipima ibidukikije. Ikibazo ni ukubona uburyo bw’ubucuruzi bufatika bushishikariza sosiyete gukoresha ibikoresho bipima ibyuma byinshi ku rwego rwo hejuru mu buryo buhendutse.”
Ikibazo ntikikiri ukumenya niba duhuza, ahubwo ni uburyo bwo guhuza, n'ingano yabyo. Nk'uko Krishnan abivuga, igice cy'ibi ni ibijyanye n'uburyo bw'ubucuruzi, ariko amafaranga yamaze kwinjira mu mijyi ifite ubwenge binyuze mu kwegurira ibigo by'abikorera ku giti cyabo (PPP), aho ibigo byigenga bifata ibyago by'amafaranga kugira ngo bibone intsinzi mu ishoramari. Amasezerano ashingiye ku kwiyandikisha “nk'uko bikorwa” yakwirakwije ishoramari mu bihe byo kwishyura, kandi byanatumye ibikorwa birushaho kuba byiza.
Mu buryo bunyuranye, amatara yo mu muhanda mu Burayi arimo guhuzwa n'imiyoboro gakondo y'ubuki (ubusanzwe 2G kugeza kuri LTE (4G)) ndetse n'igikoresho gishya cya HONEYCOMB Iot gisanzwe, LTE-M. Ikoranabuhanga rya ultra-narrowband (UNB) naryo ririmo gukoreshwa, hamwe na Zigbee, agace gato ka Bluetooth gafite imbaraga nke, na IEEE 802.15.4 derivatives.
Ishyirahamwe ry’ikoranabuhanga rya Bluetooth (SIG) ryibanda cyane ku mijyi ikoresha ingufu nke. Iri tsinda riteganya ko kohereza Bluetooth ikoresha ingufu nke mu mijyi ikoresha ingufu nke bizikuba kabiri mu myaka itanu iri imbere, bikagera kuri miliyoni 230 ku mwaka. Inyinshi muri zo zifitanye isano no gukurikirana imitungo ahantu hahurira abantu benshi, nko ku bibuga by’indege, ku bibuga bya sitade, mu bitaro, mu maduka no mu ngoro ndangamurage. Ariko, Bluetooth ikoresha ingufu nke nayo igamije imiyoboro yo hanze. “Uburyo bwo gucunga imitungo bunoza ikoreshwa ry’umutungo w’umujyi ukoresha ingufu nke kandi bugafasha kugabanya ikiguzi cy’imikorere mu mijyi,” nk’uko byatangajwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’ikoranabuhanga rya Bluetooth.
Uruvange rw'amayeri abiri ni rwiza kurushaho!
Buri koranabuhanga rifite impaka zaryo, ariko zimwe muri zo zakemuwe mu mpaka. Urugero, UNB itanga imipaka ihamye ku mushahara n'ingengabihe yo gutanga, ikavanaho inkunga ijyanye na porogaramu nyinshi za sensor cyangwa porogaramu nka kamera zibikeneye. Ikoranabuhanga riciriritse rirahendutse kandi ritanga umusaruro mwinshi wo guteza imbere amatara nk'urubuga. Icy'ingenzi ni uko bashobora no kugira uruhare mu gihe ikimenyetso cya WAN cyacitse, kandi bagatanga uburyo abatekinisiye basoma sensor mu buryo butaziguye kugira ngo bakore debugging no gusuzuma. Urugero, Bluetooth ifite ingufu nke ikorana na telefoni hafi ya zose ziri ku isoko.
Nubwo ikoranabuhanga rinini rishobora kongera imbaraga, imiterere yaryo iba igoye kandi rigashyira ingufu nyinshi ku byuma bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rihuza imiterere y’amakuru. Intera yo kohereza amakuru nayo iragoye; Uburyo bwo kohereza amakuru hakoreshejwe Zigbee na Bluetooth ifite ingufu nke ni metero nke gusa. Nubwo ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye rikoreshwa mu ntera ngufi rishobora guhangana kandi rikwiranye n’ibyuma bikoresha ikoranabuhanga risanzwe, ni imiyoboro ifunze isaba ko habaho amarembo yo kohereza ibimenyetso mu bicu.
Ubusanzwe hongerwaho uburyo bwo guhuza ibinyabiziga by’ubuki ku iherezo. Abacuruza amatara agezweho ni ugukoresha uburyo bwo guhuza ibinyabiziga by’ubuki kuva kuri point-to-cloud kugira ngo batange ubwikorezi bw’irembo cyangwa igikoresho cya sensor kiri hagati ya kilometero 5 na 15. Ikoranabuhanga rya Beehive ritanga uburyo bwinshi bwo kohereza amakuru no koroshya; Rinatanga umuyoboro usanzwe n’urwego rwo hejuru rw’umutekano, nk’uko bivugwa n’umuryango wa Hive.
Neill Young, umuyobozi wa Internet of Things Vertical muri GSMA, ikigo gihagarariye abakora imiyoboro ya telefoni zigendanwa, yagize ati: “Abakora ibikorwa… bafite ubwikorezi bwose mu karere kose, bityo ntibasaba ibikorwa remezo by'inyongera kugira ngo bahuze ibikoresho by'amatara byo mu mijyi na sensor. Muri uru rubuga rwemewe rw'ibinyabutabire rufite umutekano n'ubwizerwe, bivuze ko umukoresha afite imiterere myiza, ashobora kwihanganira byinshi mu bikenewe, igihe kirekire cyane cyo kumara bateri no kudakora cyane no gukora intera ndende y'ibikoresho bihendutse.”
Mu ikoranabuhanga ryose rikoreshwa mu guhuza amakuru, HONEYCOMB izabona iterambere rikomeye mu myaka iri imbere, nk'uko bivugwa na ABI. Urusaku rw'imiyoboro ya 5G n'ubukangurambaga bwo kwakira ibikorwa remezo bya 5G byatumye abakora ibikorwa remezo bafata inkingi y'urumuri no kuzuza utwuma duto tw'ubuki mu mijyi. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Las Vegas na Sacramento barimo gukoresha LTE na 5G, ndetse n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byo mu mujyi, ku matara yo ku mihanda binyuze muri AT&T na Verizon. Hong Kong imaze gushyira ahagaragara gahunda yo gushyiraho amatara 400 akoresha 5G nk'igice cy'umugambi wayo w'ikoranabuhanga mu mujyi.
Guhuza Ibikoresho mu buryo Bukomeye
Nielsen yongeyeho ati: “Nordic itanga ibikoresho byinshi byo mu ntera ngufi n’indenge ndende, hamwe na nRF52840 SoC ishyigikira Bluetooth ifite ingufu nke, Bluetooth Mesh na Zigbee, ndetse na Thread na sisitemu za 2.4ghz. Nordic's Honeycomb nRF9160 SiP itanga ubufasha bwa LTE-M na NB-iot. Guhuza ikoranabuhanga byombi bizana umusaruro n’ikiguzi.”
Gutandukanya inshuro zisanzwe bituma izi sisitemu zikorana, aho iya mbere ikora mu muyoboro wa 2.4ghz udafite uburenganzira naho iya nyuma igakora aho LTE iherereye hose. Ku murongo wo hasi no hejuru, hari itandukaniro hagati y’ubuso bwagutse n’ubushobozi bwo kohereza ubutumwa bwinshi. Ariko mu matara, ikoranabuhanga rikoresha insinga rikoreshwa mu gihe gito rikoreshwa mu guhuza sensor, ingufu za edge computing zikoreshwa mu kureba no gusesengura, naho ioti y’ibishyimbo ikoreshwa mu kohereza amakuru mu bicu, ndetse no kugenzura sensor kugira ngo habeho urwego rwo hejuru rwo kubungabunga.
Kugeza ubu, radiyo ebyiri zo mu bwoko bwa "long radium" n'izo mu bwoko bwa "long radium" zongewemo ukwazo, ntabwo zubatswe muri "silicon chip" imwe. Hari ubwo ibice byazo bitandukanyijwe kubera ko "illuminator", "sensor" na "radio" byose bitandukanye. Ariko, gushyira "two radiyo" muri "system" imwe bizatuma habaho ikoranabuhanga rihuriweho cyane kandi bigabanye ikiguzi cyo kugura, ibyo bikaba ari ibintu by'ingenzi bigomba kwitabwaho mu mijyi ifite ubwenge.
Nordic itekereza ko isoko ririmo kujya muri urwo rwego. Iyi sosiyete yashyize hamwe ikoranabuhanga ryo guhuza imashini zitagira insinga n’izikoresha ubuki muri mudasobwa na porogaramu ku rwego rw’abakora porogaramu kugira ngo abakora ibisubizo bashobore gukoresha ibyo bikoresho icyarimwe mu buryo bwo kugerageza. Ubuyobozi bwa Nordic bwa DK kuri nRF9160 SiP bwagenewe abakora porogaramu kugira ngo "bakore porogaramu zabo za Honeycomb iot"; Nordic Thingy:91 yasobanuwe nk "inzira yuzuye idafite insinga" ishobora gukoreshwa nk'urubuga rwo gushushanya cyangwa guhamya igitekerezo cy'ibicuruzwa bya mbere.
Byombi bifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gucuruza ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki nRF9160 SiP na multi-protocole short-range nRF52840 SoC. Sisitemu zihuza ikoranabuhanga zombi zo gukoresha IoT mu bucuruzi ziri hafi "amezi" gusa kugira ngo zikoreshwe mu bucuruzi, nk'uko Nordic ibivuga.
Nordic Nielsen yagize ati: “Hashyizweho urubuga rw’amatara yo mu mujyi rugezweho; isoko risobanutse neza uburyo bwo kuyahuza, twatanze ibisubizo ku nama ishinzwe iterambere ry’inganda, kugira ngo tugerageze uburyo zikorana. Bihujwe mu bisubizo by’ubucuruzi ni ngombwa, mu gihe gito.”
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Werurwe-29-2022