Uburyo bwo gushyiramo ibipimo by'amashanyarazi birwanya gusubira inyuma (Zero-Export) muri sisitemu za PV - Ubuyobozi bwuzuye

Intangiriro

Uko ikoreshwa rya photovoltaic (PV) ryihuta, imishinga myinshi irahura n’ibibazoibisabwa nta na kimwe mu kohereza mu mahanga. Ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bikunze kubuza ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba gusubira mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi, cyane cyane mu turere dufite transformateur zuzuye, uburenganzira bwo guhuza umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi butazwi neza, cyangwa amategeko akaze agenga ubwiza bw'amashanyarazi. Iyi mfashanyigisho isobanura uburyo bwo gushyirahoibipimo by'ingufu birwanya gusubira inyuma (byoherezwa muri zero), ibisubizo by'ingenzi bihari, hamwe n'imiterere ikwiye y'ingano na porogaramu za sisitemu za PV zitandukanye.

1. Ibintu by'ingenzi bigomba kwitabwaho mbere yo gushyiraho

Ibintu by'ingenzi bigomba kubaho kugira ngo hatabaho kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga

• Gushyira mu gaciro kw'impinduka mu buryo bwa transfoma: Iyo transfoma zo mu gace zisanzwe zikora ku bunini, ingufu zisubira inyuma zishobora gutuma ibikoresho biremereye cyane, bigwa cyangwa bigacika.

• Kwiyikoresha gusa (ntabwo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu ikoranabuhanga byemewe): Imishinga idafite uburenganzira bwo gukoresha ingufu zose zikomoka ku miyoboro y'amashanyarazi igomba gukoresha ingufu zose zikomoka mu gace iherereyemo.

• Uburinzi bw'ubuziranenge bw'amashanyarazi: Ingufu zisubira inyuma zishobora gushyiramo ibice bya DC, harmonics, cyangwa imizigo idahuje, bigagabanya ubuziranenge bw'urusobe rw'amashanyarazi.

Urutonde rw'ibizakorwa mbere yo gushyiraho

• Guhuza igikoresho: Menya neza ko ubushobozi bwa metero buhuye n'ingano ya sisitemu ya PV (igice kimwe ≤8kW, ibice bitatu >8kW). Reba itumanaho rya inverter (RS485 cyangwa bingana nayo).

• Ibidukikije: Ku bijyanye no gushyiramo ibikoresho byo hanze, tegura ahantu hashobora kwirindwa n'ikirere. Ku bijyanye na sisitemu za multi-inverter, teganya insinga za bisi za RS485 cyangwa Ethernet data concentrators.

• Kuyubahiriza amategeko n'umutekano: Emeza aho grid ihurira n'ibikoresho, kandi urebe ko intera yo gukurura ihuye n'iy'ikoreshwa rya PV.

2. Ibisubizo by'ingenzi byo kohereza hanze ibicuruzwa

Igisubizo cya 1: Kugabanya ingufu binyuze mu kugenzura inverter

• Ihame: Igipimo cy'ubwenge gipima icyerekezo cy'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi mu gihe nyacyo. Iyo umuvuduko w'amazi ubonetse, icyo gipimo gikoresha RS485 (cyangwa izindi protocole) hamwe na inverter, ibi bikaba bigabanya imbaraga zayo zo gusohora kugeza igihe cyo kohereza = 0.

• Ibikoresho byo gukoresha: Ahantu huzuye transformer, imishinga yo kwiyishyurira hamwe n'imitwaro ihamye.

• Ibyiza: Byoroshye, bihendutse, igisubizo cyihuse, nta mpamvu yo kubibika.

Igisubizo cya 2: Gushyira hamwe ingufu mu kubika imizigo cyangwa gukoresha umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi

• Ihame: Iki gipimo gikurikirana umuriro w'amashanyarazi aho uhurizwa ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Aho kugabanya umusaruro w'amashanyarazi uva kuri inverter, ingufu zirenze zijyanwa mu bubiko cyangwa mu myanda ijugunywamo (urugero: ibyuma bishyushya, ibikoresho by'inganda).

• Ibikoresho byo gukoresha: Imishinga ifite imitwaro ihindagurika cyane, cyangwa aho kongera ubwinshi bw'ibikoresho bya PV ari byo by'ingenzi.

• Ibyiza: Inverters ziguma mu buryo bwa MPPT, ingufu ntizipfa ubusa, ROI ya sisitemu iri hejuru.

3. Imiterere y'ishyirwa mu bikorwa hakurikijwe ingano ya sisitemu

Sisitemu za Inverter Imwe (≤100 kW)

• Imiterere: Inverter 1 + metero imwe y'ubwenge ifite icyerekezo cy'imirongo ibiri.

• Aho metero iherereye: Hagati y'umuvuduko wa AC wa inverter n'icyuma gikurura umuriro. Nta yindi mizigo igomba guhuzwa hagati.

• Gutumiza insinga z'amashanyarazi: Inverter ya PV → Transformers zikoresha ubushyuhe (niba zikoreshwa) → Igipimo cy'ingufu gikoresha ubwenge → Igikoresho kinini cyo gukata → Imitwaro yo mu gace / Urusobe rw'amashanyarazi.

• Logique: Igipimo gipima icyerekezo n'imbaraga, hanyuma inverter igahindura umusaruro kugira ngo uhuze n'umutwaro.

• Inyungu: Insinga zoroshye, igiciro gito, igisubizo cyihuse.

Sisitemu za Inverter nyinshi (>100 kW)

• Imiterere: Inverters nyinshi + icyuma kimwe cy'ingufu gipima ingufu + icyuma kimwe cy'ingufu gipima amakuru.

• Aho metero iherereye: Ku gice cyo guhuza grid rusange (ibisohoka byose bya inverter bihujwe).

• Insinga z'amashanyarazi: Ibisohoka bya inverter → Busbar → Bidirectional meter → Data concentrator → Main breaker → Grid/Loads.

• Logique: Akamashini gakusanya amakuru gapima kandi gakwirakwiza amabwiriza kuri buri kamashini gakoresha inverter mu buryo bungana.

• Inyungu: Igenamiterere ry'ibipimo rishobora kwaguka, rigenzurwa hagati, rihindagurika.

4. Gushyiramo mu moko atandukanye y'imishinga

Imishinga yo kwiyishyurira gusa

• Ibisabwa: Kohereza hanze grid ntibyemewe.

• Aho metero iherereye: Hagati ya inverter AC output na local load breaker. Nta switch yo guhuza grid ikoreshwa.

• Igenzura: Ipime mu gihe cyuzuye nta mutwaro — inverter igomba kugabanya imbaraga kugeza kuri zeru.

Imishinga yo Kuzura kw'Abahindura Imiterere

• Ibisabwa: Guhuza imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi biremewe, ariko ingufu zo gusubira inyuma zirabujijwe cyane.

• Aho metero iherereye: Hagati y'isohoka rya inverter n'imashini igabanya umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi.

• Logique: Iyo ingufu zisubira inyuma zibonetse, inverter igabanya umusaruro; nk'inyuma, ibyuma bishobora gufunga kugira ngo hirindwe umuvuduko wa transformer.

Imishinga gakondo yo kwiyishyurira + imishinga yo kohereza mu mahanga imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi

• Ibisabwa: Kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga byemewe, ariko bifite aho bigarukira.

• Gushyiraho icyuma gipima: Igipimo cyo kugenzura inyuma cyashyizweho mu buryo bukurikiranye hamwe n'igipimo cyo kwishyuza cy'ikigo cy'ubucuruzi gifite icyerekezo cy'ibice bibiri.

• Logique: Igipimo cyo kugenzura inyuma kibuza kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga; ni mu gihe habayeho ikibazo, icyo gipimo cy’amashanyarazi ni cyo cyonyine cyanditse.

5. Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Q1: Ese icyuma gipima amazi ubwacyo gihagarika urujya n'uruza rw'amazi inyuma?
Oya. Igipimo gipima icyerekezo cy'ingufu kikagitanga raporo. Inverter cyangwa umugenzuzi ni byo bitanga igikorwa.

Q2: Ni gute sisitemu ishobora gukora vuba?
Ubusanzwe mu masegonda 1-2, bitewe n'umuvuduko w'itumanaho na firmware ya inverter.

Q3: Ni iki kibaho mu gihe umuyoboro wa internet wangiritse?
Itumanaho ryo mu gace runaka (RS485 cyangwa ubuyobozi butaziguye) rituma habaho uburinzi bukomeza nubwo nta interineti.

Q4: Ese ibi bipimo bishobora gukora muri sisitemu zigabanya ibice (120/240V)?
Yego, hari ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwagenewe guhangana n’imiterere y’ibice binini bikoreshwa muri Amerika ya Ruguru.

Umwanzuro

Kudashyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza yo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga birimo kuba itegeko mu mishinga myinshi ya PV. Mu gushyiramo ibipimo by'amashanyarazi birwanya gusubira inyuma ahantu hakwiye no kubihuza n'ibyuma bihindura amashanyarazi, ibikoresho byo gutwika imyanda, cyangwa ububiko,EPCs, ba rwiyemezamirimo, n'abashinzwe iterambereishobora gutanga sisitemu z'izuba zizewe kandi zikurikiza amabwiriza. Ibi bisubizo si gusarinda urubuga rw'amashanyaraziariko nanonekongera ubwikorezi n'inyungu ku musaruroku bakoresha porogaramu.